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Thoriated tungsten welding rod. Tungsten welding rod with 2% thorium oxide added (color coded red). Source: eBay seller tungsten-direct Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 2 April, 2009 Text Updated: 3 April, 2009 Price: $22 Size: 0.125" Purity: 1.75% |
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Square rod. This glass-ampuled square rod of thorium was received in trade for the cut sheet listed in the previous sample description under thorium. It's permanently sealed in a glass ampule to prevent oxidation and to eliminate the possibility of radioactive contamination. Source: Anonymous Contributor: Anonymous Acquired: 14 June, 2008 Text Updated: 14 June, 2008 Price: Confidential Size: 2" Purity: 99% |
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Cutout sheets, 20g. This was part of a larger batch purchased by Max Whitby for his commercial element collections: I piggybacked the purchase of this material from the same source, for a sum that must remain confidential per our agreement with the source, who also wishes to remain anonymous. (Nothing illegal mind you, ownership and sales of thorium metal in small quantities is perfectly legal, they just don't want anyone hassling them to sell more of it.) This sheet is about 1/16" thick, not just a foil, a real plate, heavy due to the high density. The photograph shows it as it originally came to me, it is now 3/4" shorter because I cut off a 15 gram (out of a total of 50 grams originally) rectangle of it to trade for a depleted uranium projectile. Please note that if you're looking for a serious chuck of thorium metal (a) good luck and (b) don't bother asking me, I am not prepared to trade any of this material for blood or money. The only thing I might trade it for is a seriously unusual sample of something I don't have anything like: A significant historical object, genuine DU tank penetrator, that kind of thing. The date listed is the date I officially added this to the collection, I actually acquired it several years earlier. And in late 2007, preceding paragraph notwithstanding, I traded this sample for the next one listed under thorium, a square rod in a glass ampule. OK, not just for the rod, I got something else that must remain confidential for the time being, but will show up here eventually. Source: Anonymous Contributor: Max Whitby of RGB Acquired: 16 March, 2007 Text Updated: 14 June, 2008 Price: Confidential Size: 2.3" Purity: 99% |
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Aladdin lantern mantle. This is another style of antique lantern mantle, probably from the 60's or so, when they were still using thorium oxide. Source: eBay seller paul-n-jayne Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 11 March, 2007 Text Updated: 12 March, 2007 Price: $10 Size: 3" Purity: <20% |
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Antique lantern mantle. Lantern mantles, which glow very brightly when heated by an oil flame in a camping lantern, used to be made with thorium oxide as the primary incandescent material. Thorium was used right up the 1990's, but has now be replaced with various other rare earth oxides. These were claimed by the seller to date from the early 1900's, and considering how fragile they are, I can believe it. Two of the three I bought were basically smashed to crumbs (radioactive crumbs) on arrival, the third was in perfect condition for photography, but sadly lost a chuck due to an accidental tap on being replaced in its container. Sad, but it would almost certainly have crumbled on its own soon anyway, the material is basically turning to dust. This is a picture of the nice cardboard can it came in:  Source: eBay seller boco007 Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 11 March, 2007 Text Updated: 12 March, 2007 Price: $10 Size: 2" Purity: <20% |
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Bottle of Radithor. Ah, now this is some real history. I wrote an article a few years ago about the radioactive health craze of the 1920's and 30's, when people felt that radiation was good for you and the government shut down as fraudulent anyone advertising radioactive health products that didn't actually contain enough radioactive material to match the claims of their ads. This is one product they did not, at first, have any problem with. Radithor was the premier brand of radioactive water, containing significant amounts of radium and thorium. How much? Consider for a moment that this bottle has been empty probably for decades, but the cork is still strongly radioactive from whatever residue may have soaked into it before someone drank the contents. It all came to an end in 1932 when the government reversed course and decided that radiation is actually bad for you. The FDA was created in part to regulate (i.e. ban) these radioactive quack medical cures. And Radithor had a lot to do with that. It was so potent that people started seriously dying from it, including the well-publicized case of Eben Byers, a millionaire who could afford to drink three bottle a day, until, as the New York Times reported at the time "his jaw came off". I am thrilled to have an actual Radithor bottle, in my opinion the premier historical radioactive quack medical collectible. Now, if only I could get a full one. Source: dealer248 Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 20 August, 2006 Text Updated: 12 March, 2007 Price: $81 Size: 2.5" Purity: <1% Sample Group: Medical |
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Vacuum tube. This is an Eimac 4-65A/8165 radio tube that contains a thoriated tungsten (i.e. radioactive) electrode. They are quite common actually, or at least used to be when vacuum tubes in general were common. Source: MDB Ventures Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 7 August, 2004 Price: $30 Size: 3" Purity: 2% |
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Cutout sheets, 20g. These foils (some thin, some thickish) are pure thorium metal. They were part of a larger batch purchased by Max Whitby for his commercial element collections: This bunch is the element tax I impose on any samples that pass through my hands. It's very odd, to me at least, to think of elements like thorium and uranium as metals, but they really are ordinary metals that you can bend, roll, fabricate, etc. Of course, you wouldn't want to do any of those things without a high level of care to be sure you never came in contact with dust from the operations, as thorium dust is extremely dangerous, as is uranium dust. These clippings are kept in The Can along with my other potentially dangerous radioactives. The Can, in turn, is now kept in The Safe, because after the acquisition of this sample I decided there was enough material in my hands that if it were ever stolen, I would be in trouble. The thief would face minimal danger unless they really completely ignored the prominent radioactive labels, but I would face a lot of questions about how I had been storing the samples and whether I had provided a proper level of security for them. I don't think anyone could argue that the current arrangement is not prudent. The purity of this sample is listed as 99% because that's what it was labeled as, but I suspect the purity is actually significantly higher, because the company it comes from generally works only with 99.99% thorium metal. They are probably just being conservative in rating this material since they know we don't require higher purity. The source is listed as anonymous not because it's shady: This material was actually purchased in an entirely above-board and legal way from a company that supplies thorium and other chemicals to industry. They just don't want to get a lot of calls from element collectors who want to buy thorium, because they do not sell thorium to the public (way, way too much hassle and potential liability). Interestingly, they sent this material to me packaged in a sturdy box with a hazardous-materials can inside, and inside that a lead tamale very similar to the one I made for sending a few chips of thorium to David Franco earlier:  It seems I guessed right about the correct method for shipping thorium, because these people certainly know what they are doing. I chose this sample to represent its element in my Photographic Periodic Table Poster. The sample photograph includes text exactly as it appears in the poster, which you are encouraged to buy a copy of.  Source: Anonymous Contributor: Max Whitby of RGB Acquired: 25 July, 2003 Text Updated: 11 August, 2007 Price: Donated Size: 1" Purity: 99% |
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Radioactive lens. For a while thorium was added to lens glass to increase its index of refraction (which allows the lens to be thinner and lighter). It also increases its level of radioactivity, from zero to quite a bit: This rather small lens registers about 4000 counts per minute on my Geiger counter. A large compound camera lens could be quite radioactive, which is one reason they stopped using thorium this way. Another reason is that over a period of time, the glass turns yellow. Interestingly, this is not due to any sort of chemical reaction, it's caused by the radioactivity itself. Charged particles shot out when the thorium decays knock electrons out of place in the glass. Because glass is an insulator other electrons can't easily move in to fill the hole, and a so-called color center is formed, in which the missing electron allows light to be absorbed in a previously transparent substance. Heating the glass can allow enough electron mobility to wipe out the color, or so I read. Source: eBay seller heruur Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 3 June, 2003 Price: $25 Size: 0.5" Purity: 1% |
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Sample from the Everest Set. Up until the early 1990's a company in Russia sold a periodic table collection with element samples. At some point their American distributor sold off the remaining stock to a man who is now selling them on eBay. The samples (except gases) weigh about 0.25 grams each, and the whole set comes in a very nice wooden box with a printed periodic table in the lid. Radioactive elements like this one are represented in this particular set by a non-radioactive dummy powder, which doesn't look anything like the real element. To learn more about the set you can visit my page about element collecting for a general description and information about how to buy one, or you can see photographs of all the samples from the set displayed on my website in a periodic table layout or with bigger pictures in numerical order. Source: Rob Accurso Contributor: Rob Accurso Acquired: 7 February, 2003 Text Updated: 29 January, 2009 Price: Donated Size: 0.2" Purity: 0% |
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Sample from the RGB Set. The Red Green and Blue company in England sells a very nice element collection in several versions. Max Whitby, the director of the company, very kindly donated a complete set to the periodic table table. To learn more about the set you can visit my page about element collecting for a general description or the company's website which includes many photographs and pricing details. I have two photographs of each sample from the set: One taken by me and one from the company. You can see photographs of all the samples displayed in a periodic table format: my pictures or their pictures. Or you can see both side-by-side with bigger pictures in numerical order. The picture on the left was taken by me. Here is the company's version (there is some variation between sets, so the pictures sometimes show different variations of the samples):  Source: Max Whitby of RGB Contributor: Max Whitby of RGB Acquired: 25 January, 2003 Text Updated: 11 August, 2007 Price: Donated Size: 0.2" Purity: 99.5% |
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Scary stuff. This is a mixture of powder and lumps of actual thorium metal. It's radioactively quite hot, and because thorium emits high energy particles, the radiation is not stopped by the miserable sixteenth inch of lead equivalent in our Hot Box display case. I made a special lockable container, called The Can to hold this and the uranyl nitrate. On September 17, 2002 one chip from this sample was de-accessioned from the Table to be sent to David Franco in small thanks for the many elements he has contributed. I made a lead tamale to hold it in shipping:  Lord only knows what the postal authorities would think if they found this. Click the source link for an interesting story about where this sample came from. Source: Tryggvi Emilsson and Timothy Brumleve Contributor: Tryggvi Emilsson and Timothy Brumleve Acquired: 6 September, 2002 Price: Donated Size: 1" Purity: 99.9% |
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Lantern mantle. Amazingly, Coleman-type camping lanterns used to contain some radioactive thorium oxide. It's an incandescent material that greatly increases the light output of the lantern when it's heated in the flame. There are non-radioactive alternatives, mainly other rare earth oxides, but they are more expensive. We know this mantle contains radioactive thorium because the donor, who works for the Environmental Health & Safety department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, tested it with a Geiger counter. The sound for this sample is from the Geiger counter. I've got one mantle in a lead cup in the table, and another one in the Hot Box. Source: Hardware Store Contributor: Trish Craig Acquired: 28 May, 2002 Text Updated: 12 March, 2007 Price: Donated Size: 2" Purity: <20% |
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Ekanite. An ekanite crystal. Source: Warut Roonguthai Contributor: Warut Roonguthai Acquired: 13 January, 2010 Text Updated: 13 January, 2010 Price: Donated Size: 0.25" Composition: ThCa2Si8O20 |
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Euxenite. Sample of Euxenite. Source: eBay seller sellingoffoddstuff Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 2 April, 2009 Text Updated: 3 April, 2009 Price: $6.50 Size: 1.5" Composition: (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 |
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Himalayan sea salt. There is a list of 84 elements that seems to pop up repeatedly in the ingredient lists of "natural" mineral products, supplements, pills, and the like. Even, it turns out, in salt. Here then is the list of minerals claimed to be found in all-natural organic Himalayan sea salt: hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluoride, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chloride, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, bromine, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, tellurium, iodine, cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, thallium, lead, bismuth, polonium, astatine, francium, radium, actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium and plutonium.I wish someone would tell these people that, for example, neptunium and plutonium do not occur in nature at all, let alone in salt. Unless, I suppose, if you count nuclear fallout as a "natural" source of ingredients. What bothers me most is what this says about the level of scientific literacy, both of the people selling the stuff, and the people buying it. Does no one actually read the list? Or do they read it an not realize how preposterous it is? It's enough to make you despair for the future of mankind. Pretty salt, though. Source: eBay seller saltwonders Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 28 March, 2009 Text Updated: 4 April, 2009 Price: $15 Size: 0.25" Composition: NaClSbCsDyErEuGdHfHoInLaLuNdPrSmScThTlTeTbTmYbY |
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Himalayan salt lamp. A pretty hollow lamp made of solid rock salt from the Himalays. The composition I list is a partial list of the elements claimed to be in this type of salt (see my other Himalayan sea salt sample for a discussion of how silly this is). Source: eBay seller saltwonders Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 28 March, 2009 Text Updated: 3 April, 2009 Price: $29 Size: 8" Composition: NaClSbCsDyErEuGdHfHoInLaLuNdPrSmScThTlTeTbTmYbY |
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Insane mineral capsules. These minerals capsules are called "Immune Boost 77", from Morningstar Minerals. They are either being incredibly honest, or they really don't understand what they're saying when they list what amounts to nearly the entire periodic table on the label, as the "trace minerals" they contain. Here is the list in all its glory, typed in by my daughter in exchange for my paying for a membership in the Miley Cyrus fan club: Antimony, Barium, Beryllium, Bismuth, Boron, Bromine, Calcium, Carbon, Cerium, Cesium, Chloride, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Dysprosium, Erbium, Europium, Florine, Gadolinium, Gallium, Germanium, Gold, Hafnium, Holmium, Indium, Iodine, Iridium, Iron, Lanthanum, Lithium, Lutetium, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Neodymium, Niacin, Nickel, Niobium, Osmium, Palladium, Phosphorus, Platinum, Potassium, Praseodymium, Rhenium, Rhodium, Rubidium, Ruthenium, Samarium, Scandium, Selenium, Silicon, Silver, Sodium, Strontium, Sulfur, Tantalum, Thallium, Thorium, Tellurium, Terbium, Thulium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Ytterbium, Yttrium, Zinc, Zirconium. Some of them are just silly, like thulium, which has absolutely no biological function. Others are a bit scarier, like thallium and thorium that are deadly poisons, and tellurium, which makes you smell of rotten onions for weeks. Basically what they've done is list everything that occurs in even trace amounts in mixed monazite sand, which is kind of what the stuff inside looks like. The only reason they aren't seriously harmful (I assume) is that most of these are not actually present in any meaningful quantity. My attention is drawn to these and other similar mineral supplements every time I decide to see if anything interesting has popped up on eBay for one or another of the obscure rare earths. Generally speaking if you search eBay for those guys you get very little of interest unless you turn on the option to search the text of the item description as well as the titles. Then you get lots of trace mineral supplements that one can only hope don't actually contain them. Source: eBay seller grandma-adams Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 24 March, 2009 Text Updated: 29 March, 2009 Price: $15 Size: 0.75" Composition: SbCsDyErEuGdHfHoInLaLuNdPrSmScThTlTeTbTmYbY |
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Monazite. Description from the source: Monazite ( (Ce La Nd Th) P O4 mon.), Steli near Tveit, Iveland, Nordge. Extremely well crystallized example. 0,8x0,4x0,4 cm; 5 g with box. Source: Simone Citon Contributor: John Gray Acquired: 28 January, 2009 Text Updated: 29 January, 2009 Price: Trade Size: 0.3" Composition: (CeLaNdTh)PO4 |
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Euxenite from Jensan Set. This sample represents lutetium in the "The Grand Tour of the Periodic Table" mineral collection from Jensan Scientifics. Visit my page about element collecting for a general description, or see photographs of all the samples from the set in a periodic table layout or with bigger pictures in numerical order. Source: Jensan Scientifics Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 10 January, 2009 Text Updated: 10 January, 2009 Price: Anonymous Size: 0.6" Composition: (Y,Ca,Ce,Lu,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 |
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Photo Card Deck of the Elements. In late 2006 I published a photo periodic table and it's been selling well enough to encourage me to make new products. This one is a particularly neat one: A complete card deck of the elements with one big five-inch (12.7cm) square card for every element. If you like this site and all the pictures on it, you'll love this card deck. And of course if you're wondering what pays for all the pictures and the internet bandwidth to let you look at them, the answer is people buying my posters and cards decks. Hint hint. Source: Theodore Gray Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 19 November, 2008 Text Updated: 28 October, 2017 Price: $35 Size: 5" Composition: HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMg AlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMn FeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAg CdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePr NdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTm YbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTl PbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNp PuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRf DbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnNhFlMcLvTsOg |
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Euxenite. Description from the source: Euxenite ( (Y Ca Ce U Th) (Nb Ta Ti)2 O6 orth.), Trout Creek Pass, Chafee Co. Colorado, USA. Crystal cluster, nice and rare example. 2x1,5x1 cm; 14 g with box. Source: Simone Citon Contributor: John Gray Acquired: 30 September, 2008 Text Updated: 1 October, 2008 Price: Trade Size: 0.75" Composition: (YCaCeUTh)(NbTaTi)2O6 |
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Zirconolite. Description from the source: Zirconolite var. Polymignite ((Ca Fe Y Th) (Nb Ti Ta Zr) O4 orth.), Stavern (Fredriksva"rn), Larvik, Vestfold, Norway. Black, fractured on matrix. 2,5x1,4x1,2 cm; 3 g. Source: Simone Citon Contributor: John Gray Acquired: 30 September, 2008 Text Updated: 1 October, 2008 Price: Trade Size: 1" Composition: (CaFeYTh)(NbTiTaZr)O4 |
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Monazite Crystal. This is a lustrous crystal of monazite from Kitsamby, Madagascar. Rare, expensive, and radioactive: What more could you ask of a mineral? Source: eBay seller mineralman999 Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 20 September, 2005 Price: $140 Size: 1.5" Composition: (Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO4 |
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Thorianite. This is a small black pebble from near Behaera Morocco. It's fairly hot, being composed mostly of thorium. Source: SoCal (Nevada), Inc Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 25 September, 2005 Price: $17 Size: 0.3" Composition: ThO2 |
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Thorite. This is a lovely shiny crystal of thorite, a rare radioactive mineral, from Mt. Zagi, Pakistan. The price reflects the rarity of this species more so than its beauty, though this one is really quite attractive. Source: eBay seller 4jdk Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 25 September, 2005 Price: $76 Size: 0.5" Composition: (Th,U)SiO |
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Euxenite. This sample is from Beronono, Betapho, Madagascar. I bought it for its thorium content. Source: eBay seller minwreck Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 20 September, 2005 Price: $20 Size: 0.75" Composition: (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 |
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Vicanite. This small mineral is from the Vica Complex, Tre Croci, Italy, says the label. I bought it for its thorium content. Source: eBay seller ley646 Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 20 September, 2005 Price: $15.50 Size: 0.5" Composition: (Ca, Ce, La, Th)15As(AsNa)FeSi6B4O40F7 |
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Aeschynite. The card that came with this shale-like blackish mineral says the following about the name: "From Gk. aeschyne, shame, alluding to the inability of chemists at the time of its discovery to separate some of its constituents". Hm, I wonder if it was the chemists who came up with this name, or the geologists who gave it to them to analyze. This specimen is from Molland in Iveland, Norway. I bought it for its thorium content: Not that many minerals contain thorium and I'm trying to collect them all. Reader Magnus Alvestad sent this interesting information about Iveland: Hi. I noticed that your Aeschynite sample is from Iveland in Norway. The small community of Iveland is actually famous for their mines and minerals. Here's a folder with some information about a local exhibition. They also have at least 5 mines that are open to the public for a small price, where you can dig for minerals yourself. Source: SoCal (Nevada), Inc Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 20 September, 2005 Text Updated: 1 December, 2008 Price: $29 Size: 1.5" Composition: (Y, Ca, Fe, Th)(Ti, Nb)2(O, OH)6 |
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Monazite Sand. Monazite is a thorium-bearing mineral that occurs in sand deposits in a number of places around the world. Only a small proportion of the sand in this sample is actually monazite: It is probably somewhat selected compared to normally occurring sand deposits, but not much. It's kind of remarkable, really, that you can collect thorium just by scooping it up with a shovel. Source: Max Whitby of RGB Contributor: Max Whitby of RGB Acquired: 20 September, 2005 Price: Donated Size: 1.5" Composition: (Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO4 |
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Thorite. This is a very rare thorium mineral. Not much to look at, but it has a well-defined crystal structure and it's hot enough that when it fell under a bunch of stuff, I had no trouble locating it with a Geiger counter. (This is one of the great advantages of radioactive things: You can never really loose them. Not so the osmium pellet I'm probably never going to find.) The price reflects the rarity of this species. Source: eBay seller mineralman999 Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 3 June, 2005 Price: $90 Size: 0.5" Composition: (Th,U)SiO |
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Thoriated toothpaste. (External Sample) Mildly radioactive toothpaste. If you're interested, there's a fascinating story about it at the museum's listing of this item. Location: Oak Ridge Health Physics Museum Photographed: 15 April, 2009 Text Updated: 15 April, 2009 Size: 6" Purity: 0% |
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Thorium shavings. (External Sample) This is a sample of thorium metal I had in hand briefly: It consists of nice little shavings of thorium metal ampuled in glass under argon to prevent oxidation. Location: Anonymous Photographed: 26 September, 2008 Text Updated: 27 September, 2008 Size: 3" Purity: 99% |
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