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Lichtenberg poster sample. This stunning 12" square Lichtenberg figure is one created during a run I attended in order to write about it for my Popular Science column. It's done up here to look like a periodic table tile in order to be used as the letter "e" in my spell-with-elements game and Custom banner ordering page. As you can imagine, having the letter "e" available is quite valuable if you are trying to spell English words! Source: Bert Hickman Contributor: Bert Hickman Acquired: 1 April, 2008 Text Updated: 2 April, 2008 Price: Donated Size: 12" Purity: 0% |
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Fulgurite. Fulgurites are like Lichtenberg figures at the other end. Lichtenbergs are formed when electric charge is gathered up from a large space and concentrated down into an arc. Fulgurites are formed when a bolt of lightening strikes the right kind of sandy soil, where it spreads out in a dendritic way fusing the sand into a glassy material. So while Lichtenberg figures freeze the gathering process, fulgurites freeze the dispersal process at the other end of the lightening bolt. Another difference is that while Lichtenberg figures are formed in a laboratory using electric charges millions of times smaller than real lightening, fulgurites are formed by real lightening out in nature. They quite rare and hard to find. Source: eBay seller crystaldigger Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 19 September, 2005 Price: Donated Size: 2.8" Purity: 0% |
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Double-discharge Lichtenberg figure. This lichtenberg figure was made by Bert Hickman and his partners at a facility in Ohio. I came along to watch and write about the process for an article that will be in my Popular Science magazine column. Like the one above, this figure was charged up from both sides, but unlike that one, it was discharged after the first side was charged, then it was charged again from the other side. This caused there to be many, many individual discharges during the second charging phase, resulting in a sort of forest-of-lightning-strikes effect (which you can only see properly in the rotatable 3D version). Source: Bert Hickman Contributor: Bert Hickman Acquired: 11 June, 2004 Text Updated: 11 August, 2007 Price: Donated Size: 4" Purity: 0% |
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Double-discharge Lichtenberg figure. This lichtenberg figure was made by Bert Hickman and his partners at a facility in Ohio. I came along to watch and write about the process for an article that will be in my Popular Science magazine column. This figure was made in an unusual way: It was charged up from both sides, forming two layers of charge, and then discharged in one bang, forming this interesting double-layer shape. (Click the rotating camera icon to see it from all sides, which is the only way to really appreciate it.) Source: Bert Hickman Contributor: Bert Hickman Acquired: 11 June, 2004 Text Updated: 11 August, 2007 Price: Donated Size: 4" Purity: 0% |
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Lichtenberg figure. You can't really see electrons directly, in the same way you can see a lump of carbon, say. On the other hand, you might say that when you're looking at a lump of carbon, or any other element for that matter, it's the electrons you're seeing, since they are what interact with light, not the nucleus. And when you pick up a sample of any element, it's the electrons you're feeling, because it is electrostatic repulsion between the electrons in the sample and the electrons in you that cause it to push back at you when you squeeze it. In fact, every physical interaction you have with the world involves exclusively contact and forces between electrons, or electrons interacting with photons. (The only exception being when you pick up something radioactive.) Although they are everywhere, it's hard to bottle up a bunch of electrons and keep them as a sample. Hard, but not impossible: You can have them in a capacitor or stuck on a metal electrode in a vacuum and keep them there for months or years on end. But it looks sort of boring. Another way is to bottle them up in an insulating material, like acrylic, and then let them loose all of a sudden. This "Lichtenberg figure" is made by using a particle accelerator to accelerate electrons to very, very high speeds (about 0.9987 times the speed of light, or about 299400km/s) and inject them deep into a block of acrylic (about 5 inches tall in this case). You keep pumping in more and more electrons until so many have built up that the plastic just can't take it any more and suddenly there is a loud bang as the charge comes flooding out all at once, leaving the trails of fractured plastic you see preserved here. In other words, it's a frozen lightening discharge, preserving in minute detail the path taken by the huge built up charge as it left the plastic. (Thanks to Eric Weisstein for the calculation of the speed of 10MEv electrons.) Be sure to click on the Rotatable Image icon at the top right of this description: It takes you to a really nice QuickTime VR rotatable image of this figure, lit in such a way that you can see the fine filaments very nicely. It's about a 7MB download but worth every byte. (Unless you don't have QuickTime installed, in which case it's not worth anything.) This website has interesting information about the method for making them, and an email address from which you may order one of the very limited supply currently available. Right now they have a limited supply of Lichtenbergs made in the 1970's available: When these are gone there will be no more until they get more time on an electron accelerator, which may or may not happen later this year. Bert Hickman, operator of the website, has this to say on the availability of Lichtenberg figures: "Unfortunately, e-beam accelerators are very costly. Getting affordable time on these systems to make Lichtenbergs has become considerably more difficult since 9/11. The source for cylindrical Lichtenbergs has (temporarily?) dried up. Availability of the appropriately prepared raw material and scarce e-beam accelerator time are preventing further creation of block style Lichtenbergs. Hopefully these issues will be resolved later this year. Unfortunately, there are currently no other known sources for Lichtenbergs."If you're interested in obtaining a Lichtenberg figure (and who wouldn't be?), visit lichtenberg.teslamania.com or check out their current eBay auctions. Source: Anthony J. DeAngelis Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 1 January, 2003 Text Updated: 11 August, 2007 Price: $28 Size: 5" Purity: 0% |
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