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Technical data for Germanium

Click any property name to see plots of that property for all the elements.

Overview
NameGermanium
SymbolGe
Atomic Number32
Atomic Weight72.63
Density5.323 g/cm3
Melting Point938.3 °C
Boiling Point2820 °C

Thermal properties
PhaseSolid
Melting Point938.3 °C
Boiling Point2820 °C
Absolute Melting Point1211.4 K
Absolute Boiling Point3093 K
Critical PressureN/A
Critical TemperatureN/A
Heat of Fusion31.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization334 kJ/mol
Specific Heat321.4 J/(kg K)[note]
Adiabatic IndexN/A
Neel PointN/A
Thermal Conductivity60 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion6×10-6 K-1

Bulk physical properties
Density5.323 g/cm3
Density (Liquid)5.6 g/cm3
Molar Volume0.000013645
Brinell Hardness7273.402498871 MPa[note]
Mohs Hardness6
Vickers Hardness8012.03305 MPa[note]
Bulk ModulusN/A
Shear ModulusN/A
Young ModulusN/A
Poisson RatioN/A
Refractive IndexN/A
Speed of Sound5400 m/s
Thermal Conductivity60 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion6×10-6 K-1

Reactivity
Valence4
Electronegativity2.01
ElectronAffinity119 kJ/mol
Ionization Energies
762, 1537.5, 3302.1, 4411, 9020 kJ/mol

Health and Safety
DOT Hazard Class
4.1
DOT Numbers3089
RTECS Number
RTECSLY5200000
NFPA LabelNFPA Label

Classifications
Alternate NamesNone
Names of AllotropesNone
Blockp
Group14
Period4
SeriesMetalloid
Electron Configuration[Ar]4s23d104p2
ColorGray
Discovery
1886 in Germany
Gas phaseN/A
CAS NumberCAS7440-56-4
CID Number
CID6326954
RTECS Number
RTECSLY5200000

Electrical properties
Electrical TypeSemiconductor
Electrical Conductivity2000 S/m
Resistivity0.0005 m Ω
Superconducting PointN/A

Magnetic properties
Magnetic TypeDiamagnetic
Curie PointN/A
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility-1.5×10-9 m3/Kg
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility-1.09×10-10 m3/mol
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility-7.98×10-6

Abundances
% in Universe0.00002%
% in Sun0.00002%
% in Meteorites0.0021%
% in Earth's Crust0.00014%
% in Oceans6×10-9%
% in HumansN/A

Atomic dimensions and structure
Atomic Radius125 pm
Covalent Radius120 pm
Van der Waals RadiusN/A
Crystal StructureFace-centered Cubic
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice Constants
565.75, 565.75, 565.75 pm
Space Group NameFm_ 3m
Space Group Number225

Nuclear Properties
Half-LifeStable
LifetimeStable
Decay ModeN/A
Quantum Numbers3P0
Neutron Cross Section2.2
Neutron Mass Absorption0.0011
Known Isotopes
58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 70Ge, 71Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge
Stable Isotopes
70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge
Isotopic Abundances
70Ge20.84%
72Ge27.54%
73Ge7.73%
74Ge36.28%
76Ge7.61%


Notes on the properties of Germanium:

Brinell Hardness: converted from Mohs scale

Specific Heat: Value given for solid phase.

Vickers Hardness: converted from Mohs scale

Up to date, curated data provided by
Mathematica's ElementData function from Wolfram Research, Inc.

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